Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to assess households access
to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities
and their associated factors in Ethiopia.
Design Cross-sectional study.
Setting Ethiopia.
Participants Household heads.
Primary outcomes Access to improved drinking water
sources and toilet facilities.
Methods We conducted an in-depth secondary data
analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health
Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645
clusters were included in the analysis. The households
were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster
sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression
analyses were performed to identify factors associated
with access to an improved drinking water source and
toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported
with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant
association between the covariates and the outcome
variables.
Results The proportions of households’ access to
improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities
were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36%
(95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households
headed by women and households with a better wealth
index were positively associated with access to improved
drinking water sources. Whereas rural households,
≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region
were factors negatively associated with households access
to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability
of having access to improved toilet facilities: households
with heads who had attained higher education, households
having better access to improved sources of drinking
water and households with better wealth index. While
the following households were less likely to have access
to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were
widowed, households with four to six members, rural
households and region.
Conclusion The study found that the proportions of
households’ access to improved drinking water sources
and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, whic
